Chimel v. California Supreme Court Case, Arguments, Impact

In Chimel v. California (1969) the Supreme Court ruled that an arrest warrant did not give officers the opportunity to search the arrestees entire property. Under the Fourth Amendment, officers are required to obtain a search warrant specifically for that purpose, even if they have a warrant for arrest. Fast Facts: Chimel v. California Case Argued: March 27, 1969Decision Issued:  June 23, 1969Petitioner: Ted ChimelRespondent:   State of CaliforniaKey Questions: Is a warrantless search of a suspect’s home constitutionally justified under the Fourth Amendment as incident to that arrest?Majority Decision: Justices Warren, Douglas, Harlan, Stewart, Brennan, and MarshallDissenting: Justices Black and WhiteRuling: The Court determined that searches incident to arrest are limited to the area within the immediate control of the suspect, so according to the Fourth Amendment, the search of Chimel’s house was unreasonable. Facts of the Case On September 13, 1965, three officers approached Ted Chimels house with a warrant for his arrest. Chimel’s wife answered the door and let the officers into their home where they could wait until Chimel returned. When he returned, the officers handed him the arrest warrant and asked to â€Å"look around.† Chimel protested but the officers insisted that the arrest warrant gave them the authority to do so. The officers proceeded to search every room of the house. In two rooms, they instructed Chimel’s wife to open drawers. They seized items that they believed related to the case. In court, Chimel’s attorney argued that the arrest warrant was invalid and the warrantless search of Chimel’s home violated his Fourth Amendment right. The lower courts and the appeals courts found that the warrantless search was â€Å"incident to the arrest† which was based on good faith. The Supreme Court granted a writ of certiorari. Constitutional Issue Is an arrest warrant sufficient justification for officers to search a house? Under the Fourth Amendment, do officers need to get a separate search warrant to search the area around someone when placed under arrest? The Arguments Attorneys on behalf of the State of California argued that the officers correctly applied the Harris-Rabinowitz rule, a generally applied search and seizure doctrine formed from U.S. v. Rabinowitz and U.S. v. Harris. Together the majority opinions in those cases suggested that officers could conduct searches outside of the arrestee. In Rabinowitz, for example, the officers arrested a person in a one-room office and searched the entire room, including the contents of drawers. In each case, the Court upheld the officer’s ability to search the place where the arrest was made and seize anything connected to the crime. Chimel’s attorney argued that the search violated Chimel’s Fourth Amendment protections because it was based on an arrest warrant and not a search warrant. The officers had plenty of time to get a separate search warrant. They waited several days before acting on the arrest warrant. Majority Opinion In a 7-2 decision, Justice Potter Stewart delivered the opinion of the Court. The search of Chimels home was not incident to the arrest. The Supreme Court rejected the Harris-Rabinowitz rule as a violation of the fundamental intent of the Fourth Amendment. According to the majority, officers violated Chimels Fourth Amendment protections against illegal searches and seizures when they went room by room, searching his residence without a valid search warrant. Any search should have been more limited. For example, searching the subject of the arrest for weapons that might be used to get free from an arrest is reasonable. Justice Stewart wrote: There is ample justification, therefore, for a search of the arrestees person and the area within his immediate control—construing that phrase to mean the area from within which he might gain possession of a weapon or destructible evidence. However, Justice Stewart wrote, any further search infringes upon the Fourth Amendment. Officers must always take circumstances and the total atmosphere of the case into account but within the limits of the Fourth Amendment. The Fourth Amendment was ratified to protect members of the colonies from the warrantless searches they had experienced under British rule, according to the Justices. The probable cause requirement ensured oversight and aimed to curb police abuse of power. Allowing officers to search without probable cause because they have a search warrant defeats the purpose of the Fourth Amendment. Dissenting Opinion Justices White and Black dissented. They argued that the officers did not violate Chimels Fourth Amendment protections when they searched his home after arresting him. The Justices were concerned that the majority opinion prevented police officers from conducting an emergency search. If police were to arrest someone, leave, and return with a search warrant, they would risk losing the evidence or collecting evidence that had been altered. An arrest creates exigent circumstances, which means that the arrest creates a situation where a reasonable person would believe that immediate action needs to be taken. In addition, the Justices argued that a remedy to an unreasonable search is quickly available to the defendant. After an arrest, the defendant has access to an attorney and judge which is satisfactory opportunity to dispute the issues of probable cause shortly thereafter. Impact In their dissenting opinion, Justices White and Black noted that the term incident to arrest had been narrowed and expanded four times over the course of 50 years. Chimel v. California became the fifth change. Overturning the Harris-Rabinowitz rule, the case limited incident to arrest to the area surrounding the person under arrest, to ensure that the person could not use a concealed weapon on the officers. All other searches require a search warrant. The case upheld the exclusionary rule in Mapp v. Ohio which was both recent (1961) and controversial. Police power to search during an arrest was revised once more in the 1990s when the court ruled that officers may make a protective sweep of the area if they reasonably believe that a dangerous person might be hiding nearby. Sources Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752 (1969)â€Å"Chimel v. California - Significance.†Ã‚  Jrank Law Library, law.jrank.org/pages/23992/Chimel-v-California-Significance.html.

Myth of Propaganda in the Balkans and Rwanda Essay

Mass Manipulation and Genocide: The Myth of Propaganda in the Balkans and Rwanda War and conquest have been among the most enduring traits of humankind throughout the ages. While we would all like to believe that we are, by nature, a peaceful species, we still understand there are some things worth fighting for, and given the appropriate context, there are some things worth killing for. As reasoning beings, we hope that if violence is the only option it is for a clear and legitimate purpose. That is why it was so confounding to hear of such heinous acts of senseless violence as stories from Germany began to emerge after World War II. The world shuddered as the actions of Hitler’s henchmen attempting to eradicate entire ethnic groups†¦show more content†¦Indeed, the propaganda employed through various media was instrumental in the rise of nationalism and the fomenting of fear and ethnic hatred in the Balkans and in Rwanda. It is clear that propaganda is a powerful tool and its implementation played a significant role in these conflicts, but the ext ent of that role is less certain. Does propaganda alone have the power to incite genocide and ethnic cleansing? Are certain media more effective in achieving extremist goals than others? Could we stop genocides before they start by identifying and targeting outlets of propaganda? As this paper will demonstrate, the social, political and economic climates of nations in question—in this case, Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia—determine how effective state-sponsored propaganda is at crystallizing divisions among people and inspiring one group to attempt to eradicate another. Before we can understand how propaganda operates, it is important to define exactly what we mean by â€Å"propaganda.† The term itself dates back to 1622 when Pope Gregory XV established a papal bull with the title Sacra Congregatio de Propaganda Fedei, an effort to counter the Protestant movement. Thus from its inception, propaganda was employed to establish a sense of otherness within populati ons, inspiring negative reactions among Protestants and positive feelings amongShow MoreRelatedOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pageswars, Morrow not only compares the two conflicts in detail, but also approaches each war and its linkages from a thoroughly global perspective. This combination of rigorous comparison and breadth allows him to repeatedly challenge longestablished myths, provide alternatives to narrowly conceived interpretations, and offer quite an original take on the most extensively covered conflicts in human history and the decades of unprecedented global violence they framed. Morrow’s contribution here, as

Perception and reality of technology Free Essays

Perception and Reality of Technology Nowadays, technology is popular in our lives and greatly improves as time is passing. Technology has brought many benefits, but in reality, many people perceive technology as having negatively impacted our lives. There are three things of technology which can provide to us a better knowledge; faster ways of locomotion and communication are smart phones, computers, and televisions. We will write a custom essay sample on Perception and reality of technology or any similar topic only for you Order Now The perception is everyone knows smart phones can make life easier in many ays; Smart phones support a wide variety of other services such as text messages, emails, the Internet access, games, and photography; they allow us to reach anyone all around the world. By using smart phones for voice calls or video calls and text messages, people are able to keep in touch with others in a long distance. Today, with the development of cell phones, we can use them for our entertainment such as surfing the Internet, sending photos or downloading videos and games. Additionally, GPS in smart phones becomes an important part of our life. People use GPS in smart phones to find their way to home, work, restaurants, or shopping centers. Although we already have classical GPSs, smart phones are usually lighter, smaller, and faster than the classical GPSs. That is why smart phones are used by many people in around the world. According to a research, the number of people accessing the web through smart phones is increasing to over 17. 4% of worldwide internet usage (Fox). In the reality, smart phones have negative effects to students in the education environment. They distract students from their lessons and make them miss important notes. As students often text messages to each other; they may also interrupt other students. Most people do not control how much time they should use smart phones, they waste their time on smart phones: playing games, watching movies, and news updating. Moreover, smart phones disturb people when they focus on driving; and they have to take their eyes off the road to talk or text. It is very risky and dangerous to everyone in and around the car. According to a report in 2009 in he U. S, there were a reported 5,474 people killed by distracted drivers; 995 of those were considered killed by drivers distracted by smart phones (Distracted Driving 2009). Next, in perception, that is the computer is one of the important features of technology, which is very useful for people in order to widen their knowledge. Our current development is due to computers in many areas. People consider that computers provide better education; they provide as with many distant learning courses and online testing like McGraw-Hill Connect and MyltLab. Also, computers furnish a lot of necessary access to information such as news and emails. Moreover, people use computers to keep in touch with entertainment, looking for friends; or watch Glee comedy and America’s Next Top Model shows. On the other hand, in reality, people sometimes abuse computers. Playing games on computer do not have benefit to adults and children; it wills a cause bad effect on people such as eye strains, wrist, neck and back pains. People, who use computers too otten in a long time, should take a snort break atter 1 or 2 hours. Computer can affect our mental health with the large amount of bad knowledge on the Internet; especially children and teenagers. They enjoy play video games and watch violent movies; it may also affect their psychologist and make them become a murder in school. According toa research in 2011 in the U. S, the Supreme Court struck down California’s law did not allow to sale or rental of violent video games to people under 18 (Beresin). In perception, television is another kind of popular technology which many household have. They can be operated either by battery or electronics. Furthermore, television can improve vocabulary and language skills for people who want to learn second languages. After a long day of work, people love to spend time watching TV with their family members. With the help TV, people may learn more about different countries culture from entertainment, educates, and informs all functions of mass media. The reality is the disadvantage of televisions; they often stop people from following other good habits like reading books and socializing. How to cite Perception and reality of technology, Papers

The Evolution of Black Hair free essay sample

Abstract African-American, or Black, hair is very diverse. It ranges from extremely thin and straight, to extremely thick and curly. Throughout history, it could be seen as a gift and a curse. Hair in previous and modern times is seen as a sign of beauty, but all races are not always treated equally. Problems with identity and the struggle to conform caused many African-Americans to be ashamed of what they were born with. Even today, evidence of the struggles are still present. In the project we hope to learn how the views and opinions have changed throughout history. We would also like to educate others about African-American hair and inform them on the common misconceptions. Ms. Miller Social Studies 8 March 2012 The Evolution of African American Hair African-American hair has a history as long as the term itself. From desperate attempts to cope to an inability to maintain, Africans and African-Americans, when it came to hair, were seemingly â€Å"forced† into hiding or altering their hair to conform to what society saw, at the time, as â€Å"normal†. What made life that much easier at the time, made it a struggle to break away from that dependence or constant attempt to be normal or to fit in. In a world today where individuality is just beginning to be embraced, people must look back in history to see where some of the stereotypes and feelings come from, so that they may understand why people do the things that they do. The first African slaves were brought into Jamestown in 1619, but soon after, African language, culture, and grooming habits began to disappear. Without the privilege of access to hair grooming tools, items like butter, kerosene, and bacon grease were used as conditioners and cleaners (Naturallycurly. com). These products were usually excess items that the slave owner, or master, didn’t use in his home. Pictures from this period would depict female Africans or African-Americas with scarves or cloth on their heads. Several sources say that they were symbols of enslavement and subordination. In fact, there were laws passed in the South that said female slaves must wear the head wraps. Other sources say that it was a misconstrued sign of rebellion, adapted from African culture (The African American Womans Headwrap: Unwinding the Symbols). While the head wraps protected the hair from the elements and protected them from lice, they bonded them to slavery. With nothing to care for their hair, they covered it up to hide it. The pressure to change didn’t stop there. Slaves with lighter skin and straighter hair were worth more at auctions. This led many to believe that the slaves with darker skin and curlier hair were less attractive and worth less. Although several years after the end of slavery, skin bleaching products were released. African-Americans, who styled their hair like, or closely resembled, white people, were respected even though they were not seen as equals. The end of slavery bought new challenges for everyone, and the same feelings and views associated with African or African-American people before, were still there (A Look Back at the Black Hair Story). Hiding out of embarrassment did not last too long. Garrett Augustus Morgan, the child of two former slaves, noticed that certain chemicals he used at the clothing factory he worked at could not only straighten fabric, but also hair (Taylor). After his first successful live experiments, first on the naturally curly fur of an Airedale dog and later on himself, he opened the G. A. Morgan Hair Refining Company in 1913 and began to straighten hair in his home workshop. The chemicals he used were very strong could never touch human skin. The alkaline and lye chemical mixture strips the hair of proteins and removes the curl permanently. In order to maintain the chemically straightened hair, the relaxer would have to be reapplied every six weeks, or every time the curly hair began to grow back. Stemming from the time of slavery, many African-Americans found it hard to manage their hair. Relaxers supposedly made their hair more â€Å"manageable† and caused them to be widely accepted. Years later, African-Americans who used relaxers saw the harmful effects that lye had on their hair. It could cause burns, hair thinning, and hair and skin loss. No-lye relaxers were made to reduce those results. In relaxers today, chemicals a lot less than harmful lye, such as potassium hydroxide and lithium hydroxide are used. Despite the harmful effects, African-American women who styled their hair like white women, whether it was with chemical straighteners or straightening combs, were seen as â€Å"well-adjusted† and more widely accepted in the white community although African-Americans even though blacks were not seen as equals (Little-Known Black History Fact: Hair Relaxer). Years later, in the twentieth century, the nineteen-sixties were a time of change or transition. In the early part of the decade, the Black community still tried hard to be accepted, or to feel normal. The surge of Civil Rights and â€Å"Black power† fuelled a sort of rebellion for many Black people. Relaxers fell out of style, and many African-American leaders urged people to return to their â€Å"roots†. Black pride was centered on political and social issues, but it could be evident in appearance. Many African-American men and women began to â€Å"go natural† and wear their hair in large afros. The afro was not an only a political symbol, but also a huge milestone in fashion. Soon after this style came to be, many white people began to copy the style as well. The tables had turned. Instead of looking for normalcy or acceptance in the way the blacks wore their hair, it was the other way around. This marked a huge step in the acceptance of African-American independence and their hair (Civil Rights New Zealand). People from all races began to go natural, but the question is â€Å"what is natural hair? † The answer is clear and simple. Whenever a person is born their hair is natural. Natural hair can have no curl, a slight curl, or be completely curly as long as the texture it is not chemically altered. After Garret Morgan invented the relaxer, several African-Americans, men and women, straightened their hair permanently to be accepted by the white community. After their hair was previously straightened, it was no longer natural. Even though they had a relaxer applied, their hair would always grow back curly even if the hair that was relaxed never did. So basically, if they stopped getting a relaxer, the straight hair would remain, but their naturally curly hair would grow from the roots. Many, though, did not stop there. Several African-Americans continued to get a relaxer to maintain the straighter look. The Civil Rights and Black Power era caused many African-Americans to stop getting relaxers, or to â€Å"go natural†. Whenever they felt they were ready, they would cut of the straight, relaxed and let the rest of the curly hair grow. At the time black natural hair was a trend, a large part of fashion during the time, but like every trend it had to come to an end (The Truth About Hair Relaxers). Hair extensions have had a checkered history in the African-American community. Women of all races have used wigs, weaves, and other types of extensions, but there is sometimes a certain stigma tied with them and African-American women. Hair weaves are applied by braiding the hair and long wefts or tracks of hair are sewn with needle and thread to the braid. The hair can be human, synthetic, long, short, straight, or curly. Most of the controversy comes from this. Some women African-American women wear weaves all the time so that they can look more professional and others wear them for convenience. Some will even wear them for the transitioning to natural period. Many women are penalized for wearing weaves or extensions of any kind because others see them as fake. Weaves or extensions are one of the most common forms of hair styling seen in the African-American, or Black, community, almost tying with braiding with extensions (Fashion-Era. com). Now that African Americans have gone through these changes and experiences through the years how has it changed since today’s era? The twenty-first century brought new changes to the way the African-American hair was viewed. The Civil Rights era was a huge leap towards equality, and even though people of all races still fight towards equality every day, it was an important part in America’s history. However, history does tend to repeat itself. The relaxer made its way back into African-American homes. Many people believed that natural hair was, once again, unmanageable and unprofessional. Also, pressure from friends of other races to be more â€Å"normal† could push African-American women to straighten their hair. The end of the decade, however, brought new changes. More and more people are â€Å"going natural†, and proving the stereotypes wrong. This will produce a whole new generation of African-American females with new feelings and ideas about their own hair. America was built on the principles of opportunities and freedom from persecution. Anyone who knows American history knows it was never that easy. Even today, equality in all aspects of life is a goal we will always try to obtain. The past is full of memories, some that we may not remember, ones that we cannot forget, and even those that we are ashamed of, but in order to learn to make a better present and promising future, we must remember the past (Black Hair). Conclusion Learning about the history of African-American hair and how it has evolved was a tough, but interesting process. The history was filled with struggle. The struggle to become what was believed to be normal, and the struggle to break away from it. We were surprised to find out what products were used during the slave era and also that many other races began to copy the afro during the Black Power Movement. We were amazed at the transformation African-American hair has gone through throughout the years. We hope that our project will enlighten others, just as it has enlightened us.

Midsummer Nights Dream And Love Essays - Fiction, Literature

Midsummer Nights Dream And Love What is True Love? The overriding theme of the play "A Midsummer Night's Dream" by William Shakespeare deals with the nature of love. Though true love seems to be held up as an ideal, false love is mostly what we are shown. Underneath his frantic comedy, Shakespeare seems to be asking the questions all lovers ask in the midst of their confusion: How do we know when love is real? How can we trust ourselves that love is real when we are so easily swayed by passion and romantic conventions? Some readers may sense bitterness behind the comedy, but will probably also recognize the truth behind Shakespeare's satire. Often, love leads us down blind alleys and makes us do things we regret later. The lovers within the scene, especially the men, are made to seem rather shallow. They change the objects of their affections, all the time swearing eternal love to one or the other. In this scene Shakespeare presents the idea that both false love and true love can prevail.. Throughout Act III Scene II, many conflicts arise. However, the main conflict within the scene is the confusion the lovers face when their perceptions are altered. This confusion enhances the central theme of true love versus false love. There are many aspects of the play that deal with this central theme, but it is most prevalent within this scene. The chaos reaches a climax causing great disruption among the lovers. However, the turmoil is eventually resolved by the character who is originally responsible for the confusion, Puck. Puck causes the disruption initially, when he intervenes in the lovers' business. Jester and jokester, Puck, otherwise known as Robin Goodfellow, is like a wild, untamed member of the fairy clan. Though fairy king Oberon tells him they are "spirits of another sort," Puck, with his connection to English legend and folklore, seems related to a slightly more dangerous kind of sprite. Not that he is truly malevolent, but his tricks make people uncomfortable. However, they don't seem to do any permanent damage. He casts an ironic eye on humanity. Thinking of people as fools, he loves to make fools of them. He expresses this idea when he states "What fools these mortals be..." But laughter, not tears, is his aim. With his quickness, ventriloquism, and shape-changing ability, he clearly has magic fairy powers of his own. Meddling in the affairs of lovers and administering Cupid's love juice, clearly presents Shakespeare's views on the nature of love. Puck's mischievous ways may allow him to meddle within the affairs of the lovers, however, does this interference do more harm than good? This scene begins with Oberon encountering Puck in the middle of the woods. Puck, very excited, explains his actions. He tells Oberon how he caused Titania to fall in love with Bottom, who now has a donkey head. Puck also tells him that the Athenians had been placed under the spell causing them to fall magically in love. Oberon is very pleased with Puck's efforts, and agrees that the situation turned out better than expected. However, Oberon soon realizes Puck had made a mistake by causing the Athenian to fall in love with the wrong person. Oberon admonishes Puck for his mistake. Because of Puck, true love has been turned, "and not a false turned true." Puck replies that those are the rules of fate. For every man holding true love, a million fail, breaking their oaths again and again. This was not exactly what Oberon had in mind, he was hoping to remedy a situation, not make it worse. Puck always tries to throw something extra into the situation; he enjoys complications. "Then fate o'er-rules, that, one man holding troth, A million fail, confounding oath on oath." By saying this, Puck makes it clear that the odds on finding true love are a million to one. It becomes clear that humans are going to need very accurate eyes to be able to see love clearly. Puck's mischief turns a supposedly true love inside out. However, this is not necessarily a bad thing. This mistake is used for the benefit of both Helena and Demetrius. Puck uses his magic to unite the lovers under a cloud of false love. This aspect of false love is what holds the lovers together, proving that false love can be just as strong as true love. The other aspect of the nature of love is that true love triumphs. This is proven through the characters Lysander and Hermia. Puck

Dual Degree vs Double Major Which Is Right For You

Dual Degree vs Double Major Which Is Right For You SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Got a passion for more than one field of study? Then you might be interested in studying two fields simultaneously with either a double major or dual degree. What is the main difference between a double major and a dual degree? And how can you figure out which option will be a better fit for you? In this dual degree vs double major guide, we go over the fundamental difference between the two academic paths, define each option in detail, and take a look at the most important similarities and differences between the two. We also offer you some tips to help you determine whether a double major or dual degree will work better for you based on your preferences and goals. The Basic Difference Between Double Major and Dual Degree The key difference between a double major and a dual degree lies in what you receive when you graduate from college. With a double major, you're earning just one bachelor’s degree (i.e., one diploma) with specializations in two fields. However, with a dual degree, you’re earning two separate degrees/diplomas (which could be two bachelor’s degrees, a bachelor’s and a master’s, etc.) in two distinct fields. Typically, a double major means you’ll be studying two fields that are based in the same school and that’ll earn you the same type of degree, such as a Bachelor of Arts (BA), a Bachelor of Science (BS), or a Bachelor of Fine Arts (BFA). By contrast, a dual degree usually means you’ll be studying two unique fields that are based in two different schools and that’ll earn you two different types of degrees (e.g., a BS and a BFA). In my case, I double majored in English and East Asian Languages and Cultures (EALC) at USC. This means I earned just one college degree: a Bachelor of Arts with concentrations in English and EALC. Because classes for the English and EALC majors were both housed in the College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences (and both majors led to a BA), I was able to study the two fields under the same degree. That said, if I’d wanted to study a much more different combination of fields, such as English and architecture (which are housed in two different schools at USC), I'd needed to have studied the fields as two separate degrees, which would have earned me a BA in English and a Bachelor of Architecture. Now that you understand this basic difference, let’s take a look at the main qualities that define a dual degree and a double major. With a dual degree, you'll get two diplomas when you graduate from college. What Is a Dual Degree? A dual degree (also called a double degree) is when a student studies two different fields at the same time in order to earn two separate degrees. Depending on the university, this could be a wide combination of degrees, such as two types of bachelor’s degrees, a bachelor’s and a master's, or two master’s/professional degrees. Each degree corresponds to one of the fields in which you’re specializing. For instance, at the University of Michigan, undergraduate students can pursue a dual degree by earning a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) at the Ross School of Business and a BA, BS, BFA, etc., at another school within UM. Universities that offer dual degree programs often require students to apply and get accepted to the two schools at which the fields are housed. Because a dual degree requires students to simultaneously complete the requirements for two different degrees, it typically takes more time (more than four years or four years plus summer classes) than a regular undergraduate program does. As with any degree, you must complete all basic requirements (including general education courses and major courses) for both degrees in order to earn them. Columbia’s BA/MPA dual degree program, for example, takes a total of five years to complete- but by the end of this, you’ll be rewarded with both a bachelor’s degree and a master’s degree. This extra time required for a dual degree naturally means that students who are pursuing one will likely have to pay more in tuition, housing, etc. Nevertheless, you’ll save money (and time!) doing a dual degree than if you had pursued the two degrees separately or at different times. A double major allows you to study two fields and get just one degree. What Is a Double Major? You’ve probably met or heard of college students doing a double major. With a double major, you earn a single degree with concentrations in two fields. These fields are typically housed in the same school or college within a university and earn you the same type of degree (e.g., a BA, a BFA, a BS, etc.). If you want to pursue two majors in two highly different fields or at two different schools in your university, you’ll likely have to instead apply for a dual degree program. At some universities, you can apply the same courses to both of your majors, which can save you time and money. But this policy varies. At Stanford, you can't have any overlapping classes for your two majors. Meanwhile, at UC Berkeley, you may have up to two upper-division credits count toward both of your majors. Many students do not declare a double major until at least halfway through their college career. (I myself didn’t declare my second major until the end of my sophomore year.) However, you can declare a double major earlier if you know what you want to study, or possibly later, so long as you’ll have enough time to get all the credits you need by the time you intend to graduate. Furthermore, double majors can typically be completed within the regular four-year span (as most undergraduate degrees are). This means that double majors won’t usually have to spend any more money or time on their degree than a single major would. Finally, it’s worth noting that some students are able to triple major- meaning they get to study three fields at the same time and still earn just one degree! Want to build the best possible college application? We can help. PrepScholar Admissions is the world's best admissions consulting service. We combine world-class admissions counselors with our data-driven, proprietary admissions strategies. We've overseen thousands of students get into their top choice schools, from state colleges to the Ivy League. We know what kinds of students colleges want to admit. We want to get you admitted to your dream schools. Learn more about PrepScholar Admissions to maximize your chance of getting in. Dual Degree vs Double Major: 3 Key Similarities So far, we’ve given you the basic difference between a dual degree and a double major as well as in-depth definitions of both academic paths. Now, we'll take a look at some of the key similarities between the two. #1: You Get to Study Two Fields at Once Both a dual degree and a double major allow students to study more than one academic field at the same time. As a result, you’ll get the advantage of being able to broaden your horizons and expand your knowledge in different subject areas. This can lead to more effective analytical skills, too, which can be applied to careers and other professional endeavors. According to one study, double majors tend to be more dynamic, creative thinkers than single majors, indicating that there are many intellectual advantages to studying two fields at once. Getting a double major or dual degree can also prevent you from feeling limited or constricted to a single academic discipline. For example, if you love learning Spanish but aren’t sure whether a language major alone will help you get a job after college, you could combine it- via either a dual degree or double major- with another field that’s more job-oriented and that offers you the opportunity to learn a different skill set. More fields of study = more career options! #2: Studying Two Fields Can Diversify Your Career Prospects Perhaps the biggest benefit of studying two fields, either as a double major or dual degree, is that you’re acquiring two individual sets of skills and knowledge. This intellectual diversity can have a positive effect on your future career prospects. Basically, your experience with studying two academic disciplines will allow you to explore a bigger array of possible careers. For example, say you did a dual degree program in which you earned a BFA in Piano Performance and a Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA). With these two fields under your belt, you could enter a career related to music or business (or a career combining both!). Since you have many of the fundamental skills required (or preferred) for a job in either of these two fields, we could say your dual degree has, in fact, diversified your career possibilities. The same can be said for a double major. Say you double majored in chemistry and English. With these majors, you’ll learn plenty of useful skills, from critical thinking to observation and analysis, that you can apply to several occupations. For example, you could be a professional writer or work with a company that sells scientific equipment. You could even combine your majors in a more specialized career; for instance, you could become an editor of a science journal. Overall, both a dual degree and double major allow you to not just learn about two fields but also gain a set of broader skills that can be applied to far more careers than had you simply studied one field. #3: You Might Be Able to Apply a Class Toward Both Majors/Degrees Though this varies a lot depending on the university, with some double majors and dual degree programs, you can apply some of the classes you take for one major/degree to your other major/degree. However, note that most universities that allow this overlap between credits have a limit on how many credits/classes you can apply to both majors/degrees. For example, dual degree students in the College of Engineering at the University of Michigan may request to have a class for one degree "double-count" toward their other degree by submitting a Dual Degree Course Election Form. At Northwestern, double majors can double-count a limited number of courses toward both their majors if they’re majoring in an interdisciplinary field, such as Asian Studies or Neuroscience. Double Major vs Dual Degree: 2 Major Differences We know that a dual degree gets you two separate degrees, whereas a double major gets you just one degree with two concentrations. But what are some other major differences between the two? Unfortunately, knowledge isn't the only thing to rise when you opt for a dual degree. #1: Dual Degrees Take Longer and Cost More Money Since you’re earning two degrees, each with its own unique academic requirements, a dual degree program requires more coursework than a double major does. This means you’ll generally be in school longer- often five or more years depending on the program and types of degrees you’re getting. By contrast, with a double major, you can usually finish college within the regular four-year time frame (though some people might take longer, especially if they didn’t declare their second major until very late into their college career). At Indiana University of Pennsylvania, for example, you must earn 120 credits for a double major and 150 credits for a dual degree. Due to this extra time spent in school, a dual degree typically costs more money overall than a double major does You’ll need to pay more for tuition since you're taking more credits in total; you’ll also need to pay more for things like housing, textbooks, and meals since you’ll be staying in school longer. #2: Dual Degrees Usually Require Admission to Two Schools Because a dual degree means you’ll be pursuing two degrees from two different schools, you’ll usually need to apply to (and get accepted to) both schools. By when you must apply to each school depends on the university. At Boston University, you must complete one full semester before you can apply to the dual degree program, and you can’t apply any later than the first semester of your junior year. At Columbia, applicants to the Law School may apply for a dual degree either when they initially apply for admission to the Law School (in other words, before they start college) or when they’re already enrolled at the Law School. Double majors are different, though. Since most students who double major study fields housed in the same school, they won’t need to apply for admission to a separate school. In general, the process for declaring a double major is a lot simpler than that for entering a dual degree program. For a double major, all you typically need to do is consult your advisor to figure out how many credits you need, which classes you’ll take, and whether you’ll have enough time in your schedule to pursue both majors without issue. Double Major vs Double Degree: Which One Should You Do? If you’re reading this article, you’re likely considering studying more than one field in college. But which is better for you: a double major or a dual degree? Below is a quiz you can use to help you figure out which plan might be a better fit for you. For each statement, put a check for either "Agree" or "Disagree." At the end, tally up your number of agrees and disagrees to find out whether a double major or dual degree is better suited for you. Statement Agree Disagree I hope to graduate within four years. The two fields I’m interested in studying are (at least somewhat) related to each other. Money is or might be a major concern for me. I dislike long, complicated application processes. I get easily stressed with having to balance lots of schoolwork. I’m unsure what I want to study in college. Mostly Agrees - A Double Major Should Work Well for You! If you got more agrees than disagrees, then a double major will likely work better for you than a dual degree will. You’d prefer to avoid spending any more money or time than you need to in order to get your college degree. You also want to study two fields that are at least slightly relevant to each other and whose majors don’t require a long application process or a lot more credits. Mostly Disagrees - A Dual Degree Is the Challenge You’re Seeking! If you got more disagrees than agrees, a dual degree sounds like the perfect intellectual challenge for you. You have a clear idea of the two (likely very different) fields you want to study and don’t mind spending more time and money getting your degrees. You’re also OK with having to balance a heavier-than-normal workload. Equal Number of Agrees and Disagrees - You Could Do Either! If you got an equal number of agrees and disagrees, either a double major or a dual degree could work well for you. You’re probably not a huge fan of spending a lot more time and money than you need to, but you’re also very interested in studying the two fields you really want to learn about, regardless of the challenges they might pose. Dual Degree vs Double Major: Key Takeaways Both a double major and a dual degree involve the study of two academic fields. However, there's a big difference between the two academic paths: a double major means you’ll get one degree with two concentrations, whereas a dual degree means you’ll get two separate degrees (i.e., two diplomas), one for each area of specialization. Typically, double majors involve the study of two related fields of study whose majors are housed in the same school or college at a university. This means you’ll graduate with one type of degree, such as a BA or BS, with two concentrations. Students usually have until at least the beginning of their junior year to declare a double major. Most double majors are able to graduate within the typical four-year time frame and therefore won’t need to spend more money on credits/tuition than a single major would. By contrast, a dual degree generally means you’ll be studying two highly different fields whose majors belong to two different schools. As a result, you’ll usually have to apply to both schools separately (and of course get accepted to both!). Dual degrees also require more credit hours than single degrees and double majors, since you need to complete the requirements for two separate degrees. The best way to figure out whether a double major or a dual degree is right for you is to take our quiz above. To reiterate, here are the main questions to ask yourself before you make your choice: What academic fields do you want to study in college (and how sure are you of your choices)? How much coursework are you willing to handle at one time? Are you OK with having to spend more time and money on your degree(s)? Being able to answer these questions should give you a clear idea as to which academic path- a double major or a dual degree- is ultimately the best one for you to take! What’s Next? What about if you want to become a teacher- do you need a dual degree, an education major, or just certification? Learn more about whether or not you need a teaching degree here. We also have complete guides for how to become a teacher and whether or not you should get an early childhood education degree. Still got questions about dual degrees or double majors? Then feel free to take a look at our in-depth guides to what a dual degree is and what a double major is to learn more about what to expect if you're pursuing one. What's the process for double majoring? Get the rundown in our guide on how to double major in college! If you're thinking about adding a second major but aren't sure if you can handle the workload, you should also check out our guide to low-key college majors. Struggling to figure out what you want to study in college? Have no fear- our guide will help you choose the best major for you, one step at a time. Want to improve your SAT score by 160 points or your ACT score by 4 points? We've written a guide for each test about the top 5 strategies you must be using to have a shot at improving your score. Download it for free now:

Pity or Positive Disabled advertising today Essay

Pity or Positive Disabled advertising today - Essay Example This essay "Pity or Positive? Disabled advertising today" outlines the image of the disabled people in the media and commercials and their visibility. Studies and reports have found that it is advantageous to mainstream disability and to include disabled people in advertisements. Reports also reveal that mutual benefits can be gained when companies use ads that feature people with disabilities. Advertising (2001) reports: These ads were breaking fresh ground, partly because they were not from charities or rights commissions, but less expectedly from commercial organizations that were using disability to convey a message about their brand. By choosing disability as its subject, the Co-op Bank ad was reminding people of its ethical values. The Coca Cola ad was giving the brand, not known for having roots in football, real credibility among football fans. Freeserve was using a disabled person as a metaphor for capability and accomplishment. But in using images of disability to convey su ch messages about their brands, these advertisers also broke ground in the subtext about what they said about disability.† Many have grasped the negative perception caused by the lack of exposure of disabled persons in the media. Hence, they fear that they will feel uncomfortable around those with disabilities. When advertisements show disabled individuals in everyday surroundings and situations, these fears are alleviated. The audience starts to see the truth—that those with disabilities are really not that different from those who do not have these disabilities.